Development Of Narrative, By Nathaniel Hawthorne, And...

Natalie Andris Instructor James Kirkpatrick English 231 American Literature I 10 November 2014 Development of Narrative Short stories did not begin to develop as a dedicated, intentional genre until the early 1800s, when authors such as Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Edgar Allen Poe began to attract readers with them. These authors were from the Romanticism period. Three characteristics of Romanticism are having a profound love of nature, passionate nationalism, and a fascination with the supernatural. Stories by these authors share dark times and mysterious events. Irving uses the pseudonym to create a persona in the name of fiction. This rising form of literature seats itself well in the Romantic Movement where creativity is honored over reason. Irving wrote about a guy named Rip who was really a big hearted guy, always ready to help others in need, but didn’t always take care of his own priorities. He lost some of his motivation from his nagging wife to carry out what needed to be done to take care of his family. After he slept for 20 years and in the ab sence of his wife, he is finally relieved of being hindered and heckled by his wife. Hawthorne shows the value of being honest by an example of Young Goodman Brown who was susceptible to suspicious acts. If you go behind someone’s back, more than likely it is not a good act to carry out and more times than not, you will probably get caught and suffer some sort of consequence. Poe shows us that fear is aShow MoreRelatedSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 Pagesin the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are considered masters of American gothic fiction. They used similar gothic elements in their writing and used it to build up a sense of impending doom. Even today numerous readers enjoy, study, and discuss the gothic elements both utilized in their work. Gothic writing is a style that is concerned with the dark side of society, an evil that lies within the self. Poe and Hawthorne contributed storiesRead More The American Renaissance Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pageswith the Gilded Age and New Imperialism school of thought. The American Renaissance produced major influential literary works from some of the most brilliant minds in U.S. history, including Ralph Waldo Emersons the Representative Man (1850), Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlett Letter (1850) and The House of Seven Gables (1851), Herman Melvilles Moby-Dick, Henry David Thoreaus Walden (1854), and Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass (1855). American Renaissance Literary Masterpieces TheRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesNative American oral literature / oral tradition - European explorers’ letters, diaries, reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbus’s letters about his voyage to the â€Å"New world†. - Anglo (New England) settlers’ books, sermons, journals, narratives, and poetry Native American / American Indian oral literature / oral tradition creation storiesï ¼Ë†Ã¨ µ ·Ã¦ º Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° trickster talesï ¼Ë†Ã¦  ¶Ã¤ ½Å"å‰ §Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¤ ¼  Ã¥ ¥â€¡Ã¯ ¼â€° rituals / ceremoniesï ¼Ë†Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¤ » ªÃ¯ ¼â€° songs / chantsï ¼Ë†Ã¦â€º ²Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° Anglo Settlers’ Writings Highly religious and pragmatic - John

Marrige and Divorce - 11102 Words

1.1Background of the Study This research paper is assigned to us in â€Å"Introduction to Social Science† course. Here students have to prepare a term paper basing on the titles given to them so that students can learn to conduct any research study in future for their organizational purpose or own business purpose. The topic of our study is â€Å"Marriage and Divorce†. In this term paper we have gone through different articles, journals and research papers. 1.2 Objectives of the Study The principle objective of the study is to know the effect of divorce in the children. The specific objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To assess of marriage in our society. 2. Effect of marriage in the society. 3. To investigate divorce cases to find†¦show more content†¦In Imperial China, formal marriage was sanctioned only between a man and a woman, although a man could take several concubines and the children from the union were considered legitimate. Some societies permitted polygamy, in which a man could have multiple wives; even in such societies however, most men have only one. In such societies, having multiple wives is generally considered a sign of wealth and power. The status of multiple wives has varied from one society to another. In Islamic societies, the different wives were considered equal while in Imperial China, one woman was considered the primary wife while the other women were considered concubines. Among the upper classes, the primary wife was an arranged marriage with an elaborate formal ceremony while the concubines were taken on later with minimal ceremony. There are also many monogamous societies, where a marriage consists of only two people, a very few polyandrous, where a woman could have multiple husbands. Societies which permit group marriage are extremely rare, but have existed in utopian societies such as the Oneida Community. 2.1.3 Marriage and religion: Many religions have extensive teachings regarding marriage. Most Christian churches give some form of blessing to a marriage; the wedding ceremony typically includes some sort of pledge by the community to support the couples relationship. In the Eastern Orthodox church, it is one of the Mysteries, and is seen as an ordination andShow MoreRelatedA Complete Picture Of The Regulation On Nri Marriages2609 Words   |  11 Pagesview of differing needs and necessities. The matrimonial remedies in the developed world do not reflect on the same lines as in India. The major issues are validity of marriage and matrimonial causes, including recognition and enforcement of foreign divorce decrees in India. The Indian state practise is characterized by the presence of various personal laws owing to allegiance to different religions. Thus, principles of private international law (conflict of laws) have a twofold application in such mattersRead MoreDating As A Stage Of Romantic And Sexual Relationships Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesbut ,merely for economic stability and political alliances. If marriages were already set in stone, this did not require a time period before the marriage for a â€Å"trial† or dating. While pairing of people varied and were recognized by most soctites, marrige was reserved for heterrolsexual men and women where there was a sort of transnational action taking place where the women was being given away from the father to husband as form of property that would only serve the function of reproduction. Now in

L1 Languange Acquisition Theory Free Essays

string(219) " refers to conditioning in which the organism\( a human being\) emits a response, or operant\( a sentence or utterance\), without necessarily observable stimuli; that operant is maintained\( learned\) by reinforcement\." Language is closely related to the human mind. The human mind, however, is very difficult to study, as it cannot be observed directly. But it leaves its traces everywhere, particularly in language. We will write a custom essay sample on L1 Languange Acquisition Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Language has been a window of the mind. Many people have tried to discern the workings of the mind from the growth of children. Psycholinguists are concerned with the mental processes that are involved in learning to speak, and are also interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which children must have in order to use language and to learn to use language in childhood.Is language innate or is it learned after birth? Is there any biological foundation for language? How do children acquire their first language? These and other issues have the focus of interests and research to applied linguists, psycholinguists and language teachers. L1 acquisition theories are the attempted explanations for these unanswered questions. 1. Major Modern First Language Acquisition Theories How do children acquire language is at the center of the debate. Learning theorists such as Skinner maintained (1957)that language is acquired through reinforcement. Chomsky (1959 )argued that language was far too complex to be learned so completely in such a short space of time, by cognitively immature toddlers(baby, child), merely by reinforcement. He argued that the neonate arrives equipped with a LAD. This contains a set of rules common to all languages and allows children to learn any language which they are exposed to. Slobin (1985) suggested a similar innate device—the LMC (language making capacity). The interactionists perspective suggests that a combination of biological and cognitive factors plus linguistic environment are all necessary for the acquisition of language.Basically we shall discuss two schools of thoughts on the issue of language acquisition here. The question of how children acquire their first language is answered quite differently by the two schools of theories. The school of behavioristic theory believes that the infant’s mind at birth is a blank slate to be written on by experience. With regard to language, it claims that children acquire their L1 through a chain of stimulus-response-imitation-reinforcement. The other school of thoughts is based on the innateness hypothesis.People who hold the cognitive view believe that human babies are somewhat predisposed to acquire a language. They say that there are aspects of linguistic organization that are basic to human brain and that make it possible for human children to learn a language with all its complexity with little or no instruction from family or friends. The nature of language acquisition is still an open question and people are still probing the nature of the innateness of infant’s mind. 2. Brief History of Modern L1 Acquisition Research 1. Modern research on child language acquisition dates back to the late 18th when the German philosopher recorded his observation of the psychological and linguistic development of his young son. 2. Most of the studies carried out between the 1920s and 1950s were limited to diary like recordings of observed speech with some attempts to classify word types, and simply accounts of changes from babbling to the first word and descriptions of the growing vocabulary and sentence length. 3.Most observers regarded language development as a matter of imitation, practice, and habituation. 4. It was not until the 1960s that the study of L1 acquisition received a new major ‘impetus largely because of the Chomsky’s revolution and the creation of the generative grammar. Researchers began to analyze child language systematically and tried to discover the nature of the psycholinguistic process that enables every human being to gain a fluent control of the exceedingly complex system of communication. 5.In a matter of(about) a few decades of language some giant strides were taken, especially in the generative and cognitive model of language, in describing the nature of child language acquisition and the acquisition of particular languages, and in probing universal aspects of acquisition. 3. L1 Acquisition Theories: A Behavioristic Perspective L1 acquisition theories can roughly be divided into two major groups: behavioristic and cognitive. Behaviorists contend that language is a fundamental part of total human behavior. Behaviorists learning theories describe and explain behavior using a SR model. The basic tenet of behaviorism is that human beings can not know anything they have not experienced and children and adults learn language through a chain of ‘stimulus-response reinforcement’. Since one can not look inside a living organism, one can not observe its internal states. Hence one can not know anything about them. Any statements one makes about internal states or process are meaningless. Each organism is regarded as a black box that can not be opened for observation.The only meaningful statements one can make about the organism concern what goes into it (stimulus) and what comes out of it (response). The goal of behaviorists, therefore, is to discover and create predictable relationships between stimulus and response. Since they regard language as a basic part of total human behavior, they try to explain L1 acquisition process strictly in accordance with their basic tenet, focusing on the observable aspects of language behavior and their relationships or associations with the objects, events or states of affairs in the world.Some Basic Features of Behavioral Model Pavlov/ Skinner —focus on outwardly observable behavior like structural linguists. —language is a function of reinforcement. —learning is formed through stimili-response-reinforcer. —language is learned through environmental conditioning and imitation of adult models. —language acquisition is a process of habit-formation. — focuses on the immediately perceptible aspects of linguistic behavior—the publicly observable responses and relationships or associations between those responses and events in the world around. –Children are conditioned to learn language. Their parents reinforce and model good grammar and vocabulary use. —A behaviorist might consider effective language behavior to be the production of correct responses to stimuli. If a particular response is reinforced, it then becomes habitual, or conditioned. Two Main Representatives of Behaviorism Classic Behaviorism (Ivan Pavlov) Classic conditioning: the learning process consisted of the formation of associations between stimuli and reflexive responses. Neo-behaviorism (Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)Operant conditioning refers to conditioning in which the organism( a human being) emits a response, or operant( a sentence or utterance), without necessarily observable stimuli; that operant is maintained( learn ed) by reinforcement. You read "L1 Languange Acquisition Theory" in category "Papers" I t is learning from the consequences. Operant behavior is behavior in which one operates on environment â€Å"Operant† is used because the subject operates or causes some changes in the environment, producing a result that influences whether it will operate in the same way in the future. So verbal behavior is controlled by its consequences.Reinforcement can be defined as a stimulus or event that affects the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. The nature of the reinforcement depends on the effect it has on the leaner. Criticisms of Behavioristic Theory of Language Acquisition No one denies the fact that behaviorism has made its due and early contributions to the development of child language acquisition theory. It emphasized the important and necessary roles of imitation, reinforcement, repetition, and practice in the process of language acquisition. But abstract nature of language shows that it not only contains verbal behaviors but an underlying and rule-governed system. First, in language acquisition, child often creates his own linguistic rules. The best example is that child over generalizes the grammatical rule of forming past regular verbs with ed and extends it to all irregular verbs and creates verbs like goed, comed, breaked, which, of course, are not the result of imitation of the adult’s language. Child’s generation of rules indicates that he creates his own rules and has his hypotheses tested in his LAD.Secondly, what child acquires is abstract language system, i. e. competence rather concrete performances to which he is exposed. There is no doubt that any sentence contains both surface and a deep structure. Although sometimes, surface structures of two sentences are the same, the meaning of the deep structures is completely different. The same surface structure and different meanings prove that a child can never understand the difference in meaning by imitating the two surface structures unless he goes deep into the underlying structures.Thirdly, since language is difficult and complicated, a child has to learn its structures and build his communicative competence. Adults can never teach the communicative functions of the language to the child. The drawbacks of the behavioristic acquisition theory are obvious; linguists are still in search of a theory that provides an overall and effective explanation to the child language acquisition. 1. L1 Acquisition Theories: A Cognitive Perspective Behaviorism, with its emphasis on empirical observation and the scientific experimentation, can not account for a vast domain of language acquisition that can only be explored by a deeply probing approach—the cognitive approach. Cognitive theory of L1 acquisition emphasizes the mental and psychological process and importance of cognition, thus opening a new horizon for L1 acquisition study. (1) Innateness Theory â€Å" †? This theory, also known as the nativist approachâ€Å" †? , is represented by Chomsky, Mcneill and Lenneberg.Chomsky attacked behavioristic theory of language learning and reasserted the mentalist views of L1acquisition. Chomsky stressed the active contribution of the child and minimized the importance of imitation and reinforcement. Nativists strongly held that language acquisition is innately determined, that human beings are born with a build-in device of some kind that predisposes us to l anguage acquisition, resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language. The child is born with the innate knowledge of language. This innate knowledge, according to Chomsky, is embodied in a â€Å"little black box† of sorts which Chomsky called language acquisition device or LAD. He assumes that the LAD probably consists of three elements—linguistic universals, a hypothesis making device, and an evaluation procedure. The so-called LAD has a number of linguistic universals, or universal grammar (UG) in store. It also has a hypothesis-making device, which is an unconscious process and enables the child to make hypotheses about the structure of language in general, and about the structure of language learning in particular.The hypotheses that the child subconsciously sets up are tested in its use of language, and continuously matched with the new linguistic input that the child obtains by listening to what is said in his immediate environment. This causes the child’s hypotheses about the structure of language to be changed and adapted regularly, through the evaluation procedure, and through a process of systematic changes towards the adult rule system. This view of the language learning process stresses the mental activities of the language learner himself and strongly questions the relevance f such external factors as imitation, frequency of stimulus and reinforcement. A child learns not through imitation but by creative hypothesis testing. For example, he hears a lot of hypotheses but only chooses what he needs and creatively produces the language of his own. Contrasting Child Language Input and Output Utterances a child hears Utterances a child produces 1. Pass me the milk. 2. Give me the milk. 3. Get me the milk. 4. Want some milk. 5. Drink some milk. 1. Mommy, milk. 6. Take the milk. 7. Taste the milk. 2. Milk. 8. There is no milk. 9. Milk, over there. 10.Milk, please. Some Basic Features of Innateness Theory / Nativist Approach Chomsky, Mcneill and Lenneberg —Language acquisition is innately determined, that we are born with a unique, biologically based ability of some kind that predisposes us to language acquisition—to a systematic perception of language around us, resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language. —Children are born with a special language learning mechanism in their brain called LAD. —Children can acquire grammatical rules subconsciously, with which they can generate an infinite number of sentences ith new meanings.A Summary of Innateness Theory / Nativist Approach In summary, mentalist views of L1 acquisition posited the following points: 1. language is a human-specific faculty. (ability) 2. language exists as an independent faculty in the human mind. Although it is part of the learner’s total cognitive apparatus , it is separated from the general cognitive mechanisms responsible for intellectual development. 3. the primary determinant of L1 acquisition is the child’s acquisition device, which is genetically endowed and provides the child with a set of principles about grammar. . the acquisition device ‘atrophies with age. 5. the process of acquisition consists of hypothesis-testing, by which means the grammar of the learner’s mother tongue is related to the principles of the universal grammar. But there are still some problems of Innateness Theory / Nativist Approach to L1 acquisition. The problem is that we could not prove the existence of LAD and the generative rules only deal with the forms of language and fail to account for the functions of language. Three Contributions of Nativistic Theories of L1 Acquisition Nativistic theories of child language acquisition have made at least three important contributions to the understanding of the L1 acquisition process. First, they accounted for the aspects of meaning, the abstractness of language, and the creativity in the child’s use of language. Secondly, they have freed L1 acquisition study from the restrictions of the so-called â€Å"scientific method† of behaviorism and begun to explore the unseen, unobservable, underlying, invisible, abstract linguistic structures being developed in the child in the L1 acquisition process.Thirdly, it has begun to describe the child’s language as a legitimate, rule-governed, consistent system. Psychological and linguistic experiments have found that one-week old babies can distinguish sounds in French from those in Russian. The reason that linguistic competence is based on human genes is asserted, and this finding seemed to suppor t Chomsky’s hypothesis of LAD existence. (2). Cognitive Theory. â€Å" †? The cognitive theory, represented by Slobin, Piaget and Bloom, attempted to account for the linguistic knowledge of the child by a more general theory of cognitive development.Slobin provides a more detailed account of the language acquisition process with the broad outlines of cognitive theory of language development. He suggests that language acquisition is in the same order with the conceptual development of the child. Language development is paced by the growth of conceptual and communicative capacities, operating in connection with innate schema of cognition. Cognitive development has great impact on the linguistic development, which, in turn, will affect conceptual formation.Jean Piaget is another cognitive psychologist who made a thorough renovation to the concept of children’s development of language and thought. In fact, he developed the experimental methodology for exploring children’s thought and studied systematically thought and logic of children. His study proved that the differences in thought between children and adults are of quality rather than of quantity. According to Piaget, language ability never develops earlier than cognitive ability. Human beings has two organizations one is functional invariants, ,in Piaget’s terminology, which determine how man and his environment react mutually and how man learns from environment.Another is cognitive structure, which is the outcome of the mutual reaction between functional invariants and environment. It is the functional invariants that are the central part of language acquisition. Many research findings proved that two facts are evident in the child language acquisition. Some Basic Features of Cognitive Theory –Child language growth is paced with the cognitive development of the concept and communicative ability —Linguistic and cognitive development keeps up the same pace and has interdependence. —emphasize the interaction of the child’s perceptual and cognitive development with linguistic and nonlinguistic events in his environment. We can never study the L1 acquisition thoroughly without considering the mental development of children in the first place. The formation of concept reflects the degrees of mental maturity. L1 acquisition depends on mental development.With the acquisition of concept, language acquisition enters from single-word phase to double-word phase, and later on to discourse. Intellectual development enables children to discard consciously what is unacceptable in a language community and assimilate what is acceptable. Finally children establish an internalized acceptable grammar system. Tips from child first language acquisition: 1. A man is bound to acquire a new language only if he is physically normal and grown up in a proper speech community. 2. Adults learn a second language in much the same way as a child acquires his mother tongues. . In language teaching, practice must be emphasized, sometimes reinforced practice needed. ( pattern drills , rehearsal ,substitution exercises etc. are necessary. ) 4. Language learning appears a matter of imitation, but imitation alone is inadequate for acquiring a language. 5. There is a natural order in acquiring a language. Stages of Child’s Acquisition of First Language During the process of L1 acquisition, child develops his native language in a more or less stage-like pattern. Different children of different nations usually undergo 4 similar and general phases of language development.Babbling, single-word utterance, double-word utterance and discourse. The numbering of these stages is quite arbitrary and varies from author to author. Based on the newest internet research data, child L1 development can be divided into 6 stages. 1. Pre-linguistic Period — the Babbling Stage ( — ) Crying is the child’s earliest vocalization. a. cooing, crying (heard by 3 months ) —a velar consonants such as /k/ and /g/ —high vowels such as /i/ and /u/ b. babbling (heard by 6 months ) —long sequences of consonants and vowels —syllables an be identified —intonation pattern can be heard —not linked to immediate needs —often uttered in isolation for pleasure —provides practice for later speech 2. Acquisition of Concept of the World —a child sees the world as the link between sound and meaning —words vary in the pronunciation: sounds which differ most are learnt first; consonants which are similar are learned last. 3. Holophrastic Stage —the Single Word Stage ( — ) —single words become more than just labels —intonation may be of question, command, request†¦ 4.Telegraphic Stage— the Double Utterance Stage and the Stage of Developing Grammar (18 months ) —words have been multiplied considerably and are beginning to appear in combination with each other to form two-word and three-word â€Å"sentences†. 5. Linguistic Behavior and Speech Capacity ( about age 3 ) —comprehend an incredible quantity of linguistic behavior —speech capacity expands —use of logical connections —become a â€Å"fluent† speaker —form good communicative skills 6. Social Functions of Language ( school age) —learn how to use language appropriately —learn to use language in social contexts How to cite L1 Languange Acquisition Theory, Papers

Henry Fayols Weakness free essay sample

The Principles of Scientific Management? was published in the early 1900s. In the initial stage, Taylor was being affected by some moral principles; therefore, he had a profound respect for the following principles: †¢ Brought up scientific working methods for basic formative section of each staff? s job. †¢ Scientifically selected, trained, fostered and cultivated the workers. †¢ Cooperated with staffs enthusiastically so that ensuring jobs done are suitable to scientific theory which has been set forth. Basically actualized equal division of labor between jobs and responsibilities of the managements and the workers. †¢ All work processes should be systematically analyzed and broke down into specialized discrete tasks. †¢ Payment depended on piecework basis which taken as an incentive to maximize productivity and produce high wages for the workers. At the same time, his insufficient understanding towards organizational behavior gave rise to the following sit uations: †¢ Changed worker role into that was required to strictly abide by methods and procedures of affairs on which they had no discretions. We will write a custom essay sample on Henry Fayols Weakness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fragmentation of work due to its emphasis on the analysis and organization of individual tasks and operation, †¢ His thought over payment that was mainly reliance on output performance rather than giving remuneration to workers in accordance with overall performance of the workers?. †¢ His inclination to consider planning and control of workforce activities which were only in the managements? hands rather than allowing staffs to involve. †¢ Every job which was measured, timed, and rated. †¢ Occurrence of boredom stemmed from repetitive jobs and tight management control. Poor understanding between grass-roots workers and managements. Henri Fayol Fayol  is the representative of Classical School of management thought. Administrative management is the managerial mode he stood for where it applied essential points to administrative management principles of controllers. [pic] Fayols famous works, ? Industrial management and common management? ,divided management into five segments. Therefore, it denoted controllers were to carry out the five segments, i. e. to forecast , to organize, to command, to coordinate, to control. By now, these five segments are still the functional basis and basic process by which controllers research into management. According to his thought over management, therefore, 14 ? principles of organization? came into being. 14 universal principals of organization †¢ Division of work. Professionally increased output through improving effectiveness of the workers. †¢ Authority. The managers were required to be good at giving commands as authority conferred them right to do so but responsibility were accompanying authority. †¢ Discipline. The workers must adhere to and respect organizational rules and regulations. The managers and workers must have clear understanding towards organizational rules and regulations. Organization must enforce effective sanction upon those workers who broke organizational rules and regulations. †¢ Interests of the individual should subordinate to interests of the collective. Interests of Any individuals or groups should not exceed organizational interest as the collective. †¢ Remuneration. It was required to improve the workers? jobs and offer equal wages treatment. Concentration of power. It refers the level of the workers? involvement in decision-making. †¢ Scalar chain. The establishment of a ? line of authority? by which communication must comply with the chain by levels of authority from the seniors to the subordinate. †¢ Order. The workers and substance should be on the corresponding position at appropriate time. †¢ Equality. Managers ought to keep kindness a nd equality for the workers. †¢ Stability of employees? terms of office as high mobile labor would lead to low effectiveness and efficiency. †¢ Initiative. When being allowed to participate in formulation and enforcement of planning, employees would complete works with their great efforts. †¢ Stability of employees? terms of office. High mobile labor would lead to low effectiveness. The managers should formulate plans of human affairs in order as to find the right substitute as positions appeared vacant. †¢ Espirt de corps. It publicized that esprit de corps would be established and unified harmoniously. There is no doubt that  Fayol  did have misunderstanding towards the organizational behavior. This can be discerned from which he hypothesized universal principles that were applicable to all organizational situations; only acknowledged the formal organization and focused on the structure of organizations; took management as critical paternalistic; his ideas was stiff to desires and needs of both individuals and groups; his rational and deterministic approach lacked suitability towards structures and behaviors of people as individuals and groups; the 14 universal principles set forth by him were not will fit into an organic organization; Max Weber Weber, as a matter of fact, tended to be an academic with an interest in authority structure. His works, ? Theory of Social and Economic Organization? , coined the term ? bureaucracy? , which can be viewed as an attempt to build up a reasonable and legal basis for the authority and an arrangement for the purpose of selecting people and undertaking various sorts of activities. [pic] Bureaucratic type of organizational structure defined by Weber is be of the following characteristics: †¢ Works of specialization. It decomposed works into different kinds of simple, daily, and detailed tasks. Hierarchy of authority. Responsibilities and positions were organized by hierarchy. Each low-grade position was monitored and controlled by the high-grade position. †¢ Formal selection. All organizational members were selected on the basis of qualification of technique, which certified by training, education, formal examinations. †¢ Impersonality. When applying rules and regulations, i t was required to avoid involvement of character and personal preference. †¢ Orientation of occupation. Managers were professional leaders. They worked for steady salary and developed their careers within the organization. However,  Weber  did not fully understand organization behavior as he inherited much common ground ofTaylor? s  scientific management  and  Fayol? s  administrative management. Since it is so, his works is relatively regulated and prescribed leading to little sphere left for autonomy and originality; Individuals were constrained in the act of impersonal and rational ways after determining affairs demonstrated in the stressful world; He emphasized organizational efficiency but which would produce expense of flexibility at the request of rapid change; Impersonality might cause inequality of treatment and nfairness in the non-standard case, which reduces personal interaction; he allowed no mechanism for challenging the bureaucracy; rules became constraints to employees rather than an aid to organizational effectiveness and performance. Taylor,  Fayol  and  Weber, anyhow, are considered to omit one point which insists on that people are core of organization. However, th eories of Taylor, Fayol, and Weber had disseminated seeks for organizational behaviors. Their thought has great impact on development and demarcation of organizational behavior.

The Fashion Channel Essay Example

The Fashion Channel Essay After analyzing the proposed scenarios it is recommend TFH adopting Scenario-3: Focuses on both Factionists and Shoppers/Planners segments. 2. The recommendation is based on the scenarios analysis and the decision matrix outcome. The main reason for this selection would be Its superior projected net profit over the other scenarios margin) as well as Its source. For this approach, revenue increases from both premiership and CPM. A diversified revenue source reduces risk of meeting revenue projection and risk of losing cable striation support due to ratings decrease. Another Important aspect Is that Its a well balanced solution between two desired phenomena: differentiation from competitors and creating a loyal customer base which are less likely to shift to competitors programs. Targeting shows to a narrow (and profitable) segment of viewers would brand the network as a premium fashion provider, a channel that Is focused only on delivering high quality and do not intends to satisfies all. A positive by product of this approach would be higher customer retention which has higher monetary value than the casual viewer (acquiring a new costumer is estimated to cost about 5 time more than retaining one). Note that although scenario-2 as well delivers these values it incurs higher risk due to its aggressive and narrow market Finally, although the channel is still generating a healthy profit segmentation. And therefore one would be reluctant to changes, this suggested graduate, less drastic change would help management to stand behind it from other business aspects such finance, accounting, operation and shareholder value. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fashion Channel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Fashion Channel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Fashion Channel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Guilded Age Presidents essays

Guilded Age Presidents essays Some presidents names you can recognize right away while others you may never have heard of. Rutherford B Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison are all largely indistinguishable presidents that reigned in the last half of the nineteenth century. They are known as the lost presidents. While nothing monumental happened during their presidencies, they still contributed to the growth and success of the United States, some more than others though, and I found it difficult to rank them due to their low profiles. I chose Grover Cleveland as having the best overall performance out of the presidents of this time for many reasons. First, because he was the only president to serve two non consecutive terms and that says to me he was well liked by the people. If he was president in 1885-1889 and then again in 1893-1897 that shows that people missed his leadership and re-elected in 1893. Secondly, he used his veto power 584 times. He was not afraid to go against the popular vote and against the people if he did not believe in it. Cleveland also went against strong railroads and took back land that did not belong to them. Finally and most importantly, the reason I chose Cleveland first was because he maintained the treasury gold reserve during the depression. Grover Cleveland was the back bone of the Monitory System, which is still in use today. Who knows where we would be if he did not keep it strong. My second choice was Benjamin Harris. I chose him to be second because he signed the Sherman Antitrust Act which protects against companies forming monopolies. Although I am not a business expert, I know that forming Monopolies can make a business too strong and powerful. For example, companies like Microsoft are always being accused of being a monopoly. The Sherman Antitrust Act or variations of it are still being used today and without it companies would have the ability to change pri...

Applying Critical Thinking to Decidin on Return to School for Essay

Applying Critical Thinking Skills to Make a Decision on Return to School for Graduate Study - Essay Example The primary focus in making a career decision pivots around an individual's internal goals, needs, and the pursuit of satisfaction. Vocational psychologists have advanced different theories to explain the process by which an individual makes a career choice. These range from a person-environment fit (Holland, 1997), to a person's current self-concept (Savickas, 2002). Many people like me, after working in the "real-world," develop a strong interest in a new field, and therefore, make a decision to return to a graduate school. In my case, it's a renewed interest in the field of psychology; coupled with a strong passion to seek a second career in academia, which compelled me to invest in a master's degree of choice. Incidentally, my first career in the army was more of a circumstantial dictate. Having been raised in a single-parent family, and the oldest of the siblings, I had decided to drop out of college in 1987, for want of a secured career to support my family. Although the penchant to study psychology remained active and potent, the immediate external factors affecting the family, forced me to shift my priorities. Revisiting academics remained a plausible option for the future. I also understand that returning to a graduate school is a huge investment, both in time and finance. Having already completed my Master's degree in Education and Instruction in 2008, from the University of Phoenix, I had a clear notion about the academic environs there, and the expectations from me. I also had a fair idea of the program on psychology being offered there, and the great credentials of professors and support staff in the university. Another aspect of my decision to pursue a master's program stems from a perceived increase in the earning capacity, and professional growth, for a master's degree holder. According to the U.S. Census Bureau ('The Chicago Flame', 2005), a person with a master's degree can earn around $500,000 more over their lifetime, than a person with a bachelor's degree, and the earnings increase by about $1,000,000 for each additional degree. I also strongly believe one must have fun - for life indeed, is one short burst. One way of achieving this is to discover one's niche area and drive one's career passionately and effectively, enjoying every moment of it. My return to the graduate school ensures this, and packs my future with a myriad of possibilities that would make me feel satisfied, and have "friends for life."Â  

A five paragraph essay (introduction, three body paragraphs, Research Paper

A five paragraph essay (introduction, three body paragraphs, conclusion) discussing how Bernard Shaw accurately depicted his era in Pygmalion - Research Paper Example The play Pygmalion gives an illustration of the differences and the tensions between the lower and the upper class. There was a general belief in that era that an individual is born into a particular class and the individual cannot move from one class to the other. Bernard Shaw believed that an individual’s personality is not determined by birth. Instead, Shaw had the thought that someone can accomplish social change if he or she can believe in themselves. In the play, the obstacles between the classes are not natural and they can be broken. Alfred Doolittle and Eliza live in deplorable conditions and they give a representation of the working class. The scenarios that happen to Eliza and her father indicate the Shaw’s belief that individuals are capable of improving their lives by their efforts, but they have to take into consideration the changes in their character. Thus, it is not absurd to note that the difference between the flower girl and the lady lies in the lady ’s treatment rather than her behavior. THE FLOWER GIRL [protesting] Whos trying to deceive you? I called him Freddy or Charlie same as you might yourself if you was talking to a stranger and wished to be pleasant. [She sits down beside her basket].† (Classic Reader 1). â€Å"DOOLITTLE [unabashed] Can’t afford them, Governor. Neither could you if you was as poor s me. Not that I mean any harm, you know. But if Liza is going to have a bit out of this, why not me too?† (The EServer Drama Collection 1). Similarly, Doolittle expresses the difficulty in changing one’s entire personality. When he acquires wealth, he conforms to the ways of the upper class and fears to be associated with the lower class. Instead of the depicted development, an individual is supposed to create his or her own personal and flexible behavior code. The upper class regards wealth and background as

The Hulk and The Incredible Hulk Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hulk and The Incredible Hulk - Movie Review Example The Hulk originated as a superhero in the Ultimate Marvels comic books and has since gained world recognition and gained celebrity status as a movie hero. There has been much discussion and comparisons made between the 2003 Hulk Movie and the 2008 movie The Incredible Hulk and this will be discussed in this essay. It puts a life history to the character; he was adopted after David Banner, his father, accidentally killed his mother after causing an explosion at his lab when the government closed it down due to discovering his dangerous experiments. Baby Bruce was adopted after his father became institutionalised in a mental hospital.The 2008 movie The Incredible Hulk was directed by Louis Leterrier and the Hulk/Dr Bruce Banner was played by Edward Norton. This movie was not to be viewed as a sequel to the 2003 film and also rebooted the history of the character (Lee, 2008). Edward Norton was the screenwriter who rewrote the first draft written by Zak Penn, and attempted to base the story more on the Marvel Comic strip and the TV series than the 2003 movie had been. In this movie the Hulk was developed as a military project, a super soldier as was the Hulks character in the Ultimate Marvels comic books.... The Los Angeles Time movie review called it 'Freud for Dummies' (Dargis, 2003). There are comparisons also to make regarding the profits of the two movies. The Incredible Hulk in the US grossed $134,533,885 at the box office in its first 2 months compared to $132.2 million for the 2003 movie so whilst it appears both films were as successful inflation also has to be taken into account [1]. The films both received mixed reviews and so The Incredible Hulk had to overcome the negativity that The Hulk had received and according to many critics did not succeed its predecessor. In The Incredible Hulk an experiment goes wrong with Dr Bruce Banner being left with gamma radiation poisoning. Banner had been led to believe by General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross that the purpose of the experiment was to make humans immune to gamma radiation poisoning and when the experiment fails Banners genes are mutated and he transforms into the Hulk. Like The Hulk film from 2003 the movie sees him avoiding capture by the military forces led by General 'Thunderbolt' Ross. Dr Banner seeks refuge in Brazil where he seeks to find a cure for his condition. Both films provide histories for the character and similarities do obviously occur, his love affair with Betty, and the centre of the story being the alter ego of Dr Bruce. The comparisons lye in the narration of how the Hulk developed into the alter ego of Dr Bruce Banner and the experiences he had. Bibliography [1] http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/id=incrediblehulk.htm Dargis, Manohla. "Hulk" puts a Freudian spin on the dualities of human nature, but this monster is a little too mild" New York Times (20th June 2003) 11th November 2008

Manager Leadership Skills Subordinate Performance Organizational productivity

Manager Leadership Skills Subordinate Performance Organizational productivity The study investigated about the impact of manager leadership skills. The purpose of the research is to highlight the leadership augmentation process for the companies to generate results-oriented, people-focused leaders instead of purely mangers, which they help in improving the subordinates performance, raise retention and morale of the employees, and bring bottom-line results for the organizations. The research linkages between manager skills and leadership skills that help Managers to be aware of their personality traits as a leader, that further assist managers in evaluating the subordinates performance and organization effectiveness. The research rationale is all about Managers leadership skills in reality have any influence or not to enhance the subordinate performance and organizational productivity. For the study, Judgmental Sampling has been used; deliberately handpicked individuals from the population based on our knowledge and judgment and conducted both Focus- Group and Questionnaire tool as our primary source of data. We arranged a focus group in IXLMS organization and questionnaire survey tool in SOFSOL organization. Total of 54 respondents participated which comprises of both managers subordinates from different departments. In-depth questions were asked and the responses were recorded. The data that was gathered is analyzed by the use of mathematical tools such as tables, percentages and pie charts. This allows us to obtain quantitative data that can help in the analysis of our hypothesis. T-Testing of hypothesis was conducted which resulted that there is an impact of Managers leadership skills to enhance the subordinate performance and organizational productivity. To increase subordinates satisfaction, performance, and organization productivity, in this research Managers are suggested to give prominence efforts on their leadership skills instead only rely on manager skills and companies should also work on this as employees are the leading key factors of any organization, they, therefore, have to come up with the strategies of encouraging their employees and make them willing to grant as much time in leadership skills as they do in management skills. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE Background of the Topic and Statement of the Problem INTRODUCTION Organizations must be certain that every employee carry out to the best of their ability and delivers significant value to the business but in todays economy its critical to get the most efficiency from every employee.  Ã‚   One main issue that almost every business resist with is the challenge of dealing with employees performance. Great organizations know that measuring their accomplishment with people both customers and employees is just as important as measuring the achievement of their financial bottom line. Great organizations focus on two bottom lines instead of just one. In these organizations, developing loyal customers and engaged employees are considered equal to good financial performance. Upper Management at these organizations know that in order to succeed they must create a encouraging environment for employees, which results in better customer service, which leads to higher income. There are many elements that go into creating a victorious organization like customer focus, different marketing strategy, and passionate employees etc are the factors that come to mind but the one place that organizations should focus on first is leadership skills of the mangers. Thats because leadership is the succession that drives the other factors. Developing impressive leaders is the key to organizational success. One of the mainly common sources of low productivity in any organization and deprived work ethic is the lack of leadership skills in their managers. When the managers of the companies keep going with the appropriate coaching of leadership skills, they are able to quickly reach the levels of confidence and competence needed to increase productivity to meet requirement. With suitable leadership style, managers develop new skills more rapidly and begin to donate sooner to the bottom line.   Leaders help subordinates to achieve astonishing results. They lend a hand others to develop eagerness and passion for their work as well as higher self-esteem and more self-confidence. When given the leadership skills to give work direction, goal setting, coaching, performance evaluation, active listening, feedback, and practical problem solving employees experience fewer disturbances and more success. Mentoring high-potential ability and giving employees the resources to grow into competent and confident, leaders creates a conduit for organizational growth. Over a period of time by receiving the appropriate leadership skills, mangers can reach the levels of self-reliance and competence that enable them to increase their productivity and success of the organization. Without the proper leadership skills, most mangers end up achieving only a temperate level of performance on key tasks instead of pushing through to the highest level possible. The question then is for organizations to develop their mangers to reach higher levels as quickly and proficiently as possible, thus improving productivity and overall business performance. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The research rationale is that leadership of the manager is the key factor in influencing employee performance and organizational success. This study is to highlight the leadership development process for organizations to create results-oriented, people-focused leaders instead of simply mangers, that they improve subordinates performance, increase retention and morale, and deliver bottom-line results. The objective of the research is to find that: Do employees know there is a difference in a leader and a manager? Do really manager have any leadership skills in them or not? What managers think about leadership? Do mangers believe in developing team members into individual who can complete pre determined goals? How leadership skills effect the overall organization productivity? Managers leadership skills in reality have any impact to enhance the subordinate performance and organizational productivity or not? The research questionnaires also highlight the ways that managers can improve his/her leadership skills and motivate the employees to perform their best that boost the organization productivity. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The research will foster managers to develop their skills as a leader. If one relies only on being a manager, hell never instigate subordinate to give their very best and increase organizational productivity so good managers should think like leaders within their orb of influence. Leadership skills are vital in an organization. It enhances organization productivity. The manager cannot get the job done on time by employees unless he/she has good leadership skills. Leadership is mostly about being one-self and preserving one personal legitimacy. Most mangers are not born with leadership skills so they can develop their leadership skills through this research as it highlighted the importance of personal progress, thinking innovatively, caring for people and also having the will to become a leader. Effective leadership skills among managers are not only avoid delays, misunderstandings, confusion or distortions of facts during uncertain situations but also establishes harmony in the organization environment. SCOPE DELIMITATION The research is designed to illuminate the impact of leadership skills of a manager on subordinates performance and organizational productivity. The study is conducted in the natural environment with the minimum interference of researcher with the normal flow of events. All the expenses and barriers will be kept in consideration while designing this research. As time was a major constrain in this exercise, so within this short time frame the focus group methods and online questionnaire survey helped us in getting fairly dependable data from two organizations i.e. IXLMS and Sofsol. Both companies are emerging business solution providers. DEFINITIONS Bottom line its an organization net earnings, net income or EPS (Earnings per share). Leadership a crucial management skill is the ability to encourage a group of people in the direction of a common goals. IXLMS Its a company name, an emerging business solution provider. Sofsol Its a company name. Non-Contrived If the research is completed in the natural environment where work carry on normally. Judgmental Sampling The sample based on the researcher thinking who they think would be suitable for the study. Questionnaire Tool A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a sequence of questions that help in collecting the information from respondents. Focus Group a research in which a group of people are asked about their observations, views, ideas and attitudes towards a concept. It is usually qualitative research. Null Hypothesis It is normally offer a general or default position, such as that there is no relationship between two measured facts, or that an imminent treatment has no effect or no impact. T-Test A t-test is a statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistics go after a students t distribution if the null hypothesis is carried. OJT OJT stands for On-the-Job Training which is a form of training received in a normal working work place. CHAPTER TWO Research Method and Procedure RESEARCH DESIGN METHODS The research is designed in a way that all aspects of interest as well as efficient data collection are kept under consideration. It is also to cover the entire important facet related to managers leadership skills that help in improving the employees performance and organization productivity. 2.1.1 Purpose of the Study The study is descriptive research in nature. The purpose is to discover the impact of the leadership skills of a manager thats helps in enhancing the employees performance and improving the organization structure in terms of its productivity. 2.1.2 Study Setting It is a field study as it examining the effect of leadership skills. The study setting is non-contrived in nature. 2.1.3 Unit of Analysis Unit of analysis are two organization IXLMS and SOFSOL. Both are business solution providers. RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY The respondents can easily be identified. Our respondent includes Managers and Subordinates working in IXLMS and Sofsol organizations. To have a diverse sample, we choose individuals, belonging to different departments (like Finance, IT, Administration, sales and HR) having different functional responsibilities. We have categorized the target population into following two groups according to their role in an organization: Managers Subordinates 2.2.1 Sampling Frame The samples are selected from HR repository of each of above mentioned organizations. 2.2.2 Sampling Procedure For our study, we have used Judgmental Sampling we have purposely handpicked individuals from the population based on our knowledge and judgment. Also, we have obtained the information from a very specific group of people for which this method is most feasible. We have chosen limited number of people that have expertise in the area being studied. 2.2.3 Sample Size The sample size for this exercise estimated to be 54 respondents which include both managers and subordinates. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The instruments include the primary and secondary sources of the data. Primary Sources We choose both Focus- Group and Questionnaire tool as our primary source of data. We have arranged a focus group in IXLMS organization and questionnaire survey tool in SOFSOL organization, where individuals from different departments participated. In-depth questions were asked and the responses were recorded. The reason being the Focus Group discussions on a specific topic at a particular location and at a specified time, it gives the opportunity to capture spontaneous responses. This focus group unstructured responses reflect the genuine opinions, ideas and feelings of the respondents about the topic under study. Whereas the questionnaire survey will be a useful step as to encapsulate the answers/responses in a pie chart and bar chart form. The online survey questionnaire is floated in SOFSOL organization for collecting data from managers and subordinates. The responses results are shared in chapter 4 and the survey can be viewed online by following the links: For Managers: http://tiny.cc/ManagersSurvey For Subordinates: http://tiny.cc/DirectsSurvey The questions were designed in such a way that it allows free flow of information from the minds of our target population. This allows us to attain quantitative data that can help in the analysis of our hypothesis. The questionnaire will help in investigating the related matters of the research, which includes all the related questions about the manager and subordinates that reveals the major aspects of the leadership skills. 2.3.2 Secondary Sources The Secondary sources include the following: Newspapers, Books, articles, magazines Other Publications like company reviews. World Wide Web, Internet TREATMENT OF THE DATA The analysis will be done on the basis of the data gathered by visiting the organization IXLMS, SOFSOL and information that revealed by them. The data that is gathered will be analyzed by the use of mathematical tools such as tables, percentages and graphs. T-Testing of hypothesis will be conducted in order to know the impact of leadership skills on subordinate performance and organizational productivity. CHAPTER THREE Review of Related Literature Studies 3.1 LOCAL LITERATURE There are many duties predictable of a leader. Leadership is not only about being the face man. It is not only about bestowing orders. It is not even about grasp the blame. Good leadership is a challenging, all rounder role that want commitment, skill, intelligence and most important of all, leadership qualities and abilities. All managers want to have good quality subordinates. A lot has been on paper about this topic. It is not only about the power of the boss, but in many cases, it is about the gift to lead. Leadership is so very different from being dominant. Some bosses believe that good leadership means that they set a good example. If they put a good example, they are good leaders. I think that is a little too simplistic. If you desire good subordinates, you must first be a good leader. That leadership expands too many aspects of your interaction with and your management of the people. When you first begin working, you are skilled to toe the line, that your boss is always right; my way or the highway. Abruptly, if you want your people to imagine out of the box, the easiest technique to achieve this is, dont generate the box in the first place. You are inquired to think out of the box. For a moment this happens that you select someone as your leader. He is going to be your direct light and fetch you across the desert. You rejoice your new leader. Then the party is over and the journey begins. What happens? If this were a democratic system, then the leader sets a direction, say, south, and everyone votes on it. If it were Moses, he just ups and moves on and everyone follows. One is a leader, the other is a coordinator. Do you own a car that is red on the front and polka dotted pink behind? You would if you allowed your 3 year old girl to decide on half the colors. If you did not paint the back polka dotted pink, she will be unhappy. At some point, a leader has to take responsibility for his decisions. Everyone will have their own beliefs. A good leader understands and accepts that. To be firm that everyone shares exactly the same opinion and everyone to have the same decision, is not factual leadership. When we consider of leaders, we think of someone who has vision. He has the big depiction. He knows where he is going away. Leaders are not essential. This might appear as a surprise, but it is true. A good manager require not be a good leader in some situation. You would see this most often in large, technical organizations. Management is about competence and effectiveness. Leadership is about motivation and vision. Leaders deal with public. Managers deal with procedures. Which is why, to be a good leader, you need to have a good level of people handling skills. There are some foremost leaders who simply bull-doze their way through the team. In a disaster situation, that might work. But it can only be continued for a short while. Imagine yourself under the oppression of your supervisor, day in and day out; would you place for it? To be a good quality leader, you need to understand your people. But to be a great leader, you need to not only understand them, but to know how to bring out the best in them. Before you can encourage and motivate, you need to understand. However, if you stop at merely understanding them, but not knowing how to bring them to the next level, then you are a unlucky leader. Managers are power figures. They must be followed. They are in their positions through seniority, loyalty to the company or a million other reasons good and bad. Leaders, on the other hand, are people whom the group prefers to follow. They may have no organizational authority, but they motivate the group with their vision and obsession. Sometimes, when natural leaders appear, managers feel threatened, especially if its their group that is concerned. A good manager knows how to use and control the normal leaders. I would like to suggest that for anyone to be a good leader, there are certain basic competencies that are desirable. A lot of focus has always been put on the personality of a leader, the tasks and the roles f a leader. These are important or not important, depending on what theory you pledge to. However, I would suggest that there are some basics that any leader must have. This is despite of the leadership type, leadership style and so on. There are basic competencies that a leader should to have. I have tried to sort them out and have put them into five basic competencies: technical competence operational competence financial competence people competence strategic competence A manager basically directs resources to complete prearranged goals or projects. For example, a manager may connect in hiring, training, and scheduling employees in order to attaining the work in the most efficient and cost effective manner probable. A manager believes in a failure if he/she is not able to complete the project or goals with effectiveness or when the cost turns out to be too high. On the other hand, a leader within a company build up individuals in order to complete preset goals and projects. A leader build up relationships with his/her employees by building communication, inducing images of success, and by bring forth loyalty. 3.2 FOREIGN LITERATURE There are several definitions of leadership, and the term leadership could mean different things to different people (see Bass, 1990 and Rost, 1993). There was evidence that leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential (Bennis, 2003; 1989). Moorhead and Griffin (1998) suggested that leadership could be defined in two terms of both process and property. As a process, leader is the use of non-coercive influence to direct and coordinated the activities of group members to meet a goal. As a property, leadership is the set of characteristics attributed those who are perceived to use such influence successfully. 3.2.1 Leadership Personality Qualities and Traits Researchers and scholars present a number of leadership personality traits (see Atwater and Yammarino, 1993; Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1991). In this study, however, seven leadership factors were chosen to measure the subordinates performance outcomes. Based mostly on Dubrin et al. (2006) work, the traits seem to be relevant to subordinates performance. Dubrin et al. (2006) indicated that it is important for the leader to be realistically self-confident. A leader must project his/her self-confidence to the group. Self-confidence is not only personality characteristic; it also refers to the personality trait a person exhibits in a number of situations. It is akin to being cool under pressure. A person is a self-confident leader when he or she retains composure during a crisis (Dubrin et al., 2006). Emotional stability refers to the ability to control emotions to the point that ones emotional responses are appropriate to the occasion (Dubrin et al., 2006). Emotional stability is an important leadership trait because group members expect and need consistency in the way they are treated. The effective leaders are generally calm, confident, and predictable during a crisis (Goleman, 1995). Initiative or being a self-starter refers to taking action without support and stimulation from others, and it also related to problem-finding ability (Dubrin et. al., 2006). As conceptualized by Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), initiative refers to the proactive side of leadership. Rather than just reacting to events, effective leaders make choices and take action that leads to change. A leader is also someone who facilitates change it therefore follows that a leader must be flexible and adaptable enough to cope with change (Dubrin et al., 2006). Corporate leader must be able to adapt to changes. Flexibility, or able to adjust to different situations, has long been recognized as an important leadership characteristic. Almost for all followers, it is desirable for the leader to be enthusiastic (Dubrin et al., 2006). Group members tend to respond positively to enthusiasm, partly because enthusiasm may be perceived as a reward for constructive personality trait. Dubrin et al. (2006) also indicated that leaders displayed their sensitivity and empathy to influence others and to show that the leaders understand their group members. This type of sensitivity to others means understanding whom the group members and what their position on issues is, and how to best communicate with and influence them (Dubrin et al., 2006). Communication skill is another essential leadership requirement. However, managers spent at least 80 percent of every working day in direct communication with others people. In other words, 48 minutes of every hour in spent in meeting, on the telephone, or talking informally while waling around. The other 20 percent of typical managers time spent doing desk work. The communication is an important job of managers (Drft, 2000). 3.2.2 Subordinates Performance: Effectiveness and Productivity Manager can use motivation theory to help satisfy subordinates need and simultaneously encourage high work performance. Draft (1999) suggested that motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. There are many meanings of job satisfaction which are defined in many ways, and increasing subordinate satisfaction is important for organization. Yoder (1959) defined job satisfaction as the degree to which employees feeling that he or she like or dislike in work and working condition. Beer (1964) said that job satisfaction is the employees expectation that affection the job, organization, colleague, and working condition. Robbins (2003) suggested that job satisfaction is the degree to which employee feel positively or negatively about their job. It is an attitude that response to work itself, compensation, supervision, co-workers, job security, and advancement opportunity. Muenjohn and Armstrong (2001) found that leadership influences employee satisfaction. Employees are more satisfied when their managers are good leaders. This includes motivating employees to do a good job, striving for excellence or just taking action. Many people may be confused what the difference between effectiveness and efficiency is. Scholars defined effectiveness as the degree to which an organization realizes its goals, while efficiency is a more limited concept that pertains to the internal working of the organization and is defined as the amount of resources used to produce a unit of output (Moorhead and Griffin, 1998). It is leaders responsibility to ensure that their subordinates can achieve a high level of both effectiveness and efficiency. Managers or leaders have been aware it important that their firms maintain high levels of productivity. Productivity of an organization is a primary determinate of the firms level of profitability and, ultimately, its ability to survive (Griffin, 1996). Griffin (1996) said that in a general sense, productivity means an economic measure of efficiency that summarizes what is produced relative to the inputs used to produce them. 3.3 COMPANY LITERATURE People are 4 times more capable than we think, but only if they unleash their full potential of creativity, innovation, productivity, motivation commitment. Organizations are public systems where human resources are the most important factors for success and efficiency; they need efficient managers and employees to attain their goals. The victory or failure of an organization is decided by human beings, thus management is anxious with this human resources matter. In other words, a companys human resources can be the distinguishing factor between success and failure. It is for this reason that there is great importance on the leadership of managers. Good manager direct subordinates to work effectively in the direction of organizational goals and targets. Organizational success in obtaining its goals and objectives depends on managers leadership skills, traits and behavior. By using appropriate tactics managers can affect subordinates job satisfaction, commitment and productivity. Organizational values can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. The managers leadership ability to adjust him with changing environment internally or externally and lead a group of subordinates to work together in the workplace is the key to success. Employees at every level of their job make feel about whether they are appreciated and privileged from important way that come from their work environment, particularly those that come from the leaders in a straight line over them. The managers leadership skills and subordinate employees job satisfaction has for all time given high importance in the company. Job satisfaction is linked to the feeling of employees and can be partial by leadership factors of their supervisor or employer. 3.3.1 Competencies Are Growing From Leading Individuals to Organizations Leading in successively larger framework from individuals to groups to organization-wide efforts, need successively better sets of competencies. For example, core competencies are the least needed in leading others, whether other individuals, in groups or organization-wide efforts. To actually be effectual at leading other individuals, people should have the core competencies plus certain other competencies to lead individuals. 3.3.2 Issues of Identifying Competencies Desired by Leaders The exact competencies i.e. knowledge, skills and abilities that a person desires in order to lead at a specific time in an organization depend on a variety of factors, including: if that person is leading one other individual, a group or a large organization, The degree of leadership skills that person already has, That persons fundamental nature and values, competencies should be selected that are in accord with that nature and those values, if the group or organization is for-benefit or non benefit, new or long-established, and large or small, The actual culture or values and associated behaviors of whoever is being guided. The above deliberation can make it very difficult when trying to decide what competencies someone should have in order to be a good leader. Maybe thats why leadership training programs in institutions typically claim a set of standard competencies. Leadership is a main issue or the challenge in the growth of groups, organizations and states. 3.4 SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW Employees plays significantly important role to drive in the organization achieve its goals and employees performance effects directly to the companys outputs. However, keep up a good performance and motivating workers are not the easy things to do and that the responsibilities of managers to lead control, guide, and monitor their followers or subordinate performances. Organizations may endeavor to satisfy employees by offering sufficient compensation program, safe and friendly work environment. But, the subordinate could not have the good and efficient performance without the good leader. If the company would like to achieve its goals and targets, it must have a good leader or effective leader because of the leader holds responsible for failure or the success of the whole organization and leaders hold the liability for the performance of the individual and group within the organization. It is also emphasis that the subordinates satisfaction, productivity, and effectiveness can be influenced by the leadership personality traits of the manager. Manager motivation or encouragement towards subordinates which is one of the leadership skills also has an effect on the productivity of the organization. 3.5 AREA FOR FURTHER STUDY Due to limited resources the research will be restricted in finding the impact of manager leadership skills on subordinate performance and organizational productivity in Karachi two organizations only; In order to broad the scope of the project one can discover the correlation between the leadership factors and subordinates outcomes as well. However to obtain the best available result further projective techniques such as time series analysis and regression will be used to project the findings of the study in different organization overall in Pakistan. CHAPTER FOUR Presentation Analysis 4.1 CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS We employed two survey tools (Focus group and Questionnaire) for gathering data, and following are the Qualitative (used for Focus Group) and Quantitative matrixes (used for Questionnaire Survey tool) developed on that data. 4.2 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS In order to quantify the qualitative data gathered through the focus group participants, as per the responses collected I have generalized the results in each of the following category as follows: 4.2.1. Personality Traits Personality traits defines how directs and managers analyze their personality with respect to leadership. The respondents response was 100%in this case. They all believed that their managers have the necessary traits to become a leader. 4.2.2. Practice leadership

Flann OBrien, Dickens and Joyce: Form, Identity and Colonial Influence

Flann O'Brien, Dickens and Joyce: Form, Identity and Colonial Influences All quotations from The Third Policeman are taken from the 1993 Flamingo Modern Classic edition. In this essay I intend to examine Flann O'Brien's The Third Policeman in the context of the time of its writing, 1940, its relation to certain English novelistic traditions and also the broader Irish literary tradition in which it belongs. Seamus Deane refers to Ireland as a "Strange Country" and indeed O'Brien's own narrator recalls the words of his father: " . . . he would mention Parnell with the customers and say that Ireland was a queer country." (7) Such a concurrence indicates to a degree the peculiar nature of the Irish situation with regard to theoretical post-colonial models. There is a temptation to see all Irish work since the revival in terms of decolonization. Cahalan, in The Irish Novel, traces the tendency of Irish writers such as Swift, Edgeworth and Maturin to employ fantastic elements and non-realism in direct opposition to English colonial models and in affirmation of certain Irish traditions. Mercier, in The Irish Comic Tradition, points also to the presence of exaggeration, absurdity and scatological detail in Gaelic heroic cycles and poetry. In Flann O'Brien, Bakhtin, and Menippean Satire, M. Keith Booker begins by saying; "It has now become commonplace to think of Flann O'Brien along with James Joyce and Samuel Beckett as the three great Irish fiction writers...